Contoh Prosa Lama dan Prosa Baru

Kita dapat membedakan dengan cepat antara puisi dan prosa rekaan dan struktur fisiknya. Yang dapat dilihat secara sepintas dan struktur fisik prosa rekaan adalah pengaturan kata-katanya.

Dalam bentuk tertulis, kata-kata yang terdapat dalam prosa rekaan memenuhi seluruh halaman dan tepi kiri sampai kanan. Kumpulan kata dibentuk menjadi kalimat. Hal ini berbeda dengan puisi. Di dalam puisi, kumpulan kata akan membentuk baris. Kalimat dalam prosa rekaan dimulai dengan huruf kapital dan diakhiri tanda titik (.) atau tanda akhir berupa tanda tanya atau tanda seta (? atau !). Kalimat-kalimatnya membentuk paragraf, bukan bait. Kebanyakan paragraf ditulis menjorok ke dalam lima sampai tujuh ketukan, demikian juga dialog antartokohnya.

Dalam bentuk lisan, prosa rekaan lebih banyak berupa cerita. Bentuk ini mempunyai tokoh, jalan cerita, latar cerita, terra, nilai-nilai yang disampaikan yang cukup jelas. Prosa rekaan bisa dibedakan atas prosa lama dan prosa baru (modern).

Prosa Lama
Prosa lama mempunyai bentuk-bentuk sebagai berikut:
1) Hikayat, bentuk sastra lama yang berisi cerita kehidupan para dewa, peri, pangeran atau putri kerajaan, serta raja-raja yang mempunyai kehidupan luar biasa dan gaib.
2) Sejarah atau tiambo, salah satu bentuk prosa lama yang isi ceritanya diambil dari suatu peristiwa sejarah yang pernah terjadi.
3) Dongeng. bentuk sastra lama yang bercerita tentang sesuatu kejadian yang luar biasa dan penuh khavalan, tentang dewa-dewa, peri-peri, putri-putri cantik, dan sebagainya. Fungsi dongeng haruslah sebagai penghibur. Oleh karena itu, dongeng disebut juga cerita pelipur lara.

Prosa Baru (Modern)
Prosa baru merupakan pancaran dari masyarakat baru. Karya-karya prosa yang dihasilkan oleh masyarakat baru Indonesia mulai fleksibel dan bersifat universal; ditulis dan dilukiskan secara lincah serta bisa dinikmati oleh lingkup masyarakat yang lebih luas.

Bentuk-bentuk prosa baru, antara lain sebagai berikut:
1) Roman berisi cerita tentang kehidupan manusia yang dilukiskan seeara terperinci atau detail. Berdasarkan isinya, roman dapat dibagi menjadi roman sejarah, roman sosial, roman jiwa, roman tendens.
2) Cerpen singkatan dari Cerita pendek; adalah karangan pendek yang berbentuk naratif. Cerpen mengisahkan sepenggal kehidupan manusia yang penuh pertikaian, mengharukan atau menyenangkan, dan mengandung kesan yang tidak mudah dilupakan.
3) Novel, karangan imajinatif yang mengisahkan sisi utuh atas probematika kehidupan manusia atau beberapa orang tokoh.
4) Otobiografi, berisi kisah cerita tentang pribadi si pengarang sendiri, mengenai pengalaman hidupnya sejak kecil hingga dia dewasa.
5) Biografi, berisi suatu kisah atau cerita tentang pengalaman hidup seseorang dari kecil hingga dewasa atau bahkan sampai meninggal dunia yang ditulis oleh orang lain.
6) Essay, karangan yang berupa kupasan tentang suatu hasil karya sastra, kesenian, atau bidang kebudayaan yang dilakukan oleh seorang ahli di bidangnya.
7) Kritik: kupasan tentang satu karya sastra, kesenian, serta bidang kebudayaan yang ditulis oleh seorang ahli dengan menekankan pada fakta yang objektif.

Daftar Pustaka
- Pengantar Teori Sastra Oleh Wahyudi Siswanto
- Get Success UN Bahasa Indonesia Oleh Seni Hidayati & Wulan

Problems of Education in Indonesia

Problems of Education in Indonesia 
Role of Education in Development
Education has the task to transform and prepare the human resources development.Development has always strived marching in tune with the demands of the times. The times always bring up new issues that have never thought about before. This chapter will examine the fundamental issues of education, and the interrelations between the principal serve targeted, the factors influencing its development and actual problems and ways to overcome them. 

What will happen if the development in Indonesia is not accompanied by development in the field of education?. Although his physical development is good, but what's the point when the nation's moral decline. If this happens, the economy would be problematic, because each person will be corruption. So it will eventually come a day when the state and the nation is destroyed. Therefore, for prevention, education must be one of the priorities in the development of the country. 
Government Education Problems and Solutions

Regarding the issue pedidikan, the attention of our government still feels very minimal.This picture is reflected in the diversity of an increasingly complex educational problems. The quality of students is still low, less professional instructors, the cost of education, even chaotic rule of Education Law. The impact of poor education, the future of our country gets dragged. This downturn may also result from an average size of budget allocations for education at national, provincial, and city and county. 

Solving the problems of education should not be done separately, but have taken steps or actions that are thorough. That is, we not only pay attention to the increase in the budget alone. Because it's useless, if the quality of human resources and education quality in Indonesia is still low. Problems organizing Nine-year Compulsory Education remains a true great PR for us. The fact that we can see that many in the suburbs who do not have adequate educational facilities. With the abandonment of the nine-year compulsory education program resulted in Indonesia's children are still many who drop out of school before completing their nine-year compulsory education. Under these conditions, when no significant change in policy, it is difficult for this nation out of the educational problems that exist, let alone survive the competition in the global era.

Ideal conditions in the field of education in Indonesia is any children in school at least until the high school level regardless of status because that is their right. But it is very difficult to realize at this point. Therefore, at least everyone has an equal chance of attending any education. If you look at the above problems, there is an inequity between the rich and the poor. As if the school belongs only to the wealthy so that people with low to feel inferior to school and hang out with them. Plus the publication of school on scholarships is very minimal.

Free schools in Indonesia should have adequate facilities, competent faculty, the curriculum is appropriate, and has the administrative and bureaucratic system is good and uncomplicated. However, in fact, free schools are schools located in remote areas of slums and everything can not support the school bench which raised the question, "Is the school free of charge? If yes, yes fair because it is very worrying. "
Implementation of Quality Education

"Education quality is expensive". This sentence often appears to justify the high costs of attending any public education bench. The high costs of education from kindergarten (kindergarten) to university (PT) makes the poor have no choice but to not go to school.Poor people should not sekolah.Untuk kindergarten and SDN at the moment will cost Rp 500,000, - to Rp 1,000,000. Some even picked the above Rp 1 million. Sign Junior / Senior High School could reach USD 1 million to Rp 5 million.

The more expensive cost of education today is not separated from government policies that implement the School-Based Management (SBM). MBS in Indonesia in reality is more understood as an effort to mobilize funds. Therefore, the School Committee / Board of Education which is an organ of the MBS has always required the element of entrepreneurs. The assumption, employers have access to broader capital. The result, after the School Committee is formed, sometimes under the guise of all levy money, "according to the School Committee's decision."

However, at the level of implementation, it is not transparent, because it is elected to the board and committee members are people close to the Principal. As a result, the School Committee only become principal legitimator policy, and SBM was just a release of legitimacy of the state's responsibility towards the problems of education of its people.
This condition will be worse with the Bill on Legal Education (RUU BHP). Changing the status of education of the public property to a form of legal entity has clear economic and political consequences is very large. With the change of status, the government can easily throw its responsibility for the education of its citizens to the owners of legal entities that figure is unclear. State University turned into a State Owned Legal Entity (BHMN). The emergence BHMN and MBS are some examples of the controversial education policy. BHMN own impact on the soaring cost of education at several universities favorites.
Privatization and Privatization in Education Sector

Privatization or increased weakness of the state's role in public service sector can not escape from the pressures of debt and policies to ensure debt repayment. Indonesia's foreign debt amounting to 35-40 percent of the state budget each year is a factor driving the privatization of education. As a result, sectors such as education funding absorbs the victim. Education funding cut to a mere 8 percent (Kompas, 10/5/2005).

In 2005 only 5.82% budget allocated to education. Compare with funds to pay the debt that is draining 25% of spending in the state budget (www.kau.or.id). The government plans to privatize education legitimized through a number of regulations, such as the Law on National Education System, Legal Education Bill, Draft Government Regulation (RPP) of the Elementary and Secondary Education, and RPP on Compulsory Education. Strengthening the privatization of education, for example, stipulated in Article 53 (1) of Law No 20/2003 on National Education System (System). In that article mentioned, the organizers and / or formal education unit established by the Government or public education is a legal entity.

Like corporations, schools freed seeking capital to be invested in education operations.NGO Coordinator for Justice Education Network (ENJ), Jackie Mukhtar (Reuters, 10/05/2005) judged that the privatization of education means the government has legitimized the commercialization of education by handing the responsibility of providing education to the market. That way, schools will have the autonomy to determine their own education costs. School course will peg the cost as high as to improve and maintain quality. As a result, access to people who are less able to enjoy a quality education will be limited and increasingly fragmented society based on social status, between rich and poor.

The same thing was told by an economist Revrisond Bawsir. According to him, education is the privatization agenda of global capitalism that has been designed long ago by donor countries through the World Bank. Through the Draft Law Legal Education (RUU BHP), the government plans to privatize education. All education units will become legal education (BHP) are required to seek its own funds. This applies to all public schools, from elementary to college.

For certain people, some state universities are now changing the status of a State Owned Legal Entity (BHMN) it's a scourge. If the reason is that quality education must be expensive, so this argument is valid only in Indonesia. In Germany, France, Holland, and in several other developing countries, many college-quality yet low-cost education.Even some countries there is eliminate tuition fees.

Quality education is not likely cheap, or rather, do not be cheap or free. But the problem is who should pay for it? The government actually obligated to guarantee every citizen access to education and ensure public access down to get a quality education.However, the fact that the government actually wanted to argue from the responsibility.Though limited funds can not be a reason for the Government to wash hands .***